ABSTRACT
Abstract Recent studies suggested that safranal exerts anticonvulsant properties. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of safranal on epileptic activities in the amygdala electrical kindling model in male rats. Animals were implanted with a recording electrode on the skull and a tripolar in the amygdala. After 10 days of recovery, the afterdischarge (AD) threshold of each animal was determined and stimulated once daily the AD threshold for full kindling development. Then, parameters including afterdischarge duration (ADD), stage 4 latency (S4L), stage 5 duration (S5D), and stimulation threshold were determined before and after injection of safranal (0.05, 0.1, 0.2 ml/ kg; i.p). While the dose of 0.05 ml/kg had no significant effect, the dose of 0.1 ml/kg increased the AD threshold as well as S4L and decreased the S5D (P<0.05). Injection of 0.2 ml/kg of the safranal significantly decreased the ADD and S5D (P<0.05) and 83.3% of animals had no stage 4 and stage 5 of kindling (P<0.001). Based on the obtained data safranal has anticonvulsant effects dosedependently. It seems that a dose of 0.2 ml/kg is the minimum effective dose. Further investigation is warranted to conduct the clinical implications for the treatment of epileptic disorders
Subject(s)
Animals , Male , Rats , Seizures/prevention & control , Epilepsy/pathology , Anticonvulsants/administration & dosage , Amygdala/physiopathologyABSTRACT
Abstract The present study aimed to measure the mortality burden caused by premature death due to substance abuse in different geographical regions of Iran from 2014-17. In this serial cross-sectional study, the data related to individuals who had died of drug abuse were first collected from two sources (Iranian Ministry of Health and Medical Education and the Iranian Legal Medicine Organization). Then, using the capture-recapture method, the number of drug-related deaths was estimated. The years of life lost (YLLs) for all provinces of Iran was calculated based on age, sex, and year. During these four years, the total number of deaths was 12029. The mean age of the individuals was 37.3±14.1. The mean age of dead people was constant in women and men over this period; however, the mean age of dead women due to substance abuse was lower than that of men. The mean YLLs per dead person was 70131.3329 years for men and 9321.1125 years for women. The potential years of life lost (YLLs) showed an upward trend, which was stronger in women than men. It is necessary to perform more regional overviews for finding differences in the number of YLLs due to substance abuse so that specific regional policies can be adopted.
Resumo O presente estudo teve como objetivo medir a carga de mortalidade causada por morte prematura por abuso de substâncias em diferentes regiões do Irã de 2014-17. Neste estudo transversal serial, os dados relacionados aos indivíduos que morreram por abuso de drogas foram coletados primeiramente em duas fontes (Ministério da Saúde e Educação Médica do Irã e Organização de Medicina Legal do Irã). Em seguida, usando o método de captura-recaptura, estimou-se o número de mortes relacionadas a drogas. Os anos de vida perdidos (AVP) para todas as províncias do Irã foram calculados com base na idade, sexo e ano. Durante quatro anos, o número total de óbitos foi de 12029. A média de idade dos indivíduos foi de 37,3±14,1. A média de idade dos mortos foi constante em mulheres e homens ao longo desse período; entretanto, a média de idade das mulheres mortas por abuso de substâncias foi menor do que a dos homens. O AVP médio por pessoa morta foi de 70131,3329 anos para homens e 9321,1125 anos para mulheres. Os anos potenciais de vida perdidos (APVP) apresentaram tendência ascendente, sendo mais forte nas mulheres do que nos homens. É necessário realizar mais análises regionais para encontrar diferenças no número de AVP devido ao abuso de substâncias.